Cytoplasmic or Non-chromosomal inheritance

Inheritance due to genes located in the cytoplasm (plasma genes) is called cytoplasmic inheritance.
Plasmogenes are located in DNA present in mitochondria (mt DNA) and in the chloroplast (cpDNA).
In this, generally, the characters of only one of the two parents (usually female) are transmitted to the progeny.
Hence such inheritance is usually referred to as extranuclear or extrachromosomal or maternal or uniparental inheritance.

Inheritance of Kappa particles in Paramecium aurelia

Explained by Sonneborn.
Paramecium Aurelia has to strain. i). Killer and ii). Sensitive
Killer strain is denoted by 'K' and contains Kappa particles.
Sensitive strain is denoted by 'k' and it does not contain kappa particles.
If both the factors (a dominant gene and kappa particles) are present, then Paramecium will be of Killer strain. If any of these factors will absent, it will be of sensitive strain.

Kappa particle

It is a bacterium-like substance that produces a toxin called Paramycin. Paramycin kills the sensitive strain.
In Paramecium sexual reproduction is not very well developed. There is a primitive type of sexual reproduction is present, called conjugation.

Here conjugation occurs for a short duration so no cytoplasmic exchange took place. The only nuclear material is exchanged. Hence killer remains killer and sensitive remain sensitive after conjugation.
When ex-conjugants form autogametes although there is nuclear segregation, the Killer gives rise to a killer and sensitive give rise to sensitive strain. Hence here killer and sensitivity characters are not controlled by the Mendelian gene.

Inheritance of Shell coiling in snail

In Limnaea peregra two types of Snail coiling is found:

Dextral or right-handed or clockwise
Sinistral or left-handed or anticlockwise

The dextral coiling is due to dominant allele ‘D’ and sinistral due to recessive allele ‘d’. So dextral and sinistral are of genotype DD/Dd and dd.

Cross between pure dextral female and sinistral male

This maternal effect lasts for one generation because dextrally coiled mothers dd produce offspring with sinistral coiling in the F3 generation. The above example of shell coiling can also be considered as a delay effect of a gene (genotype)

Cross between pure sinistral female and dextral male

Eye pigmentation in flour Moth

Moth’s normal eye color is dark due to the dominant gene (A). This gene produces Kynurenine. This kynurenine produces dark pigment. The eye of dark brown and larval pigmented.

The recessive gene (a) cannot produce kynurenine. So the eye is red-colored and larval parts non-pigmented and they are heterozygous genotype.