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Control and Coordination : Quick revision notes

  • Writer: Biology Notes
    Biology Notes
  • Jun 23, 2023
  • 2 min read

Introduction:


- Control and coordination are essential processes in living organisms that allow them to respond and adapt to their environment.

- In humans, control and coordination are carried out by the nervous system and the endocrine system.


Nervous System:


- The nervous system is responsible for rapid control and coordination in the body.

- It consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves).

- The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which transmits electrical impulses.


Parts of the Nervous System:


1. Central Nervous System (CNS):


- Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

- The brain is the control center of the body, responsible for processing information and initiating responses.

- The spinal cord relays information between the brain and the rest of the body.


2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):


- Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to various body parts.

- Divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary control) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary control).


Nerve Impulse:


- A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along a neuron.

- It is initiated by a stimulus that triggers a change in the electrical charge across the neuron's membrane.

- The impulse travels through the neuron in the form of an action potential.


Reflex Action:


- A reflex action is an involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus.

- It involves a reflex arc, which bypasses the brain and allows for quick reactions.

- The reflex arc includes a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron (interneuron), motor neuron, and an effector.


Endocrine System:


- The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to control and coordinate activities in the body.

- Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and are transported through the bloodstream to target cells or organs.


Important Endocrine Glands:


1. Pituitary gland:

- Located at the base of the brain and controls the functioning of other endocrine glands.

- Produces hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism.


2. Thyroid gland:

- Located in the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth.


3. Adrenal glands:

- Situated above the kidneys and secrete hormones involved in stress response (e.g., adrenaline).


4. Pancreas:

- Produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.


Coordination in Plants:


- Plants coordinate their activities through chemical substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.

- Important plant hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.

- These hormones regulate various plant processes such as growth, flowering, and responses to environmental stimuli.


Conclusion:


- Control and coordination are vital for the survival and proper functioning of organisms.

- The nervous system and the endocrine system work together to maintain homeostasis and enable organisms to adapt to their surroundings.

 
 
 

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